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Post by Indilwen on May 4, 2012 11:30:22 GMT 12
Elen of the Ways - Part One
An Article by Caroline Wise
Very little is known about ancient British gods and goddesses, although one of the most important was unquestionably Elen of the Ways. For over 25 years Goddess expert Caroline Wise has been researching the origins of Elen, and she now presents the very latest views on this little known deity, who might easily have existed as long ago as Palaeolithic times.
My explorations of Elen led me to discover a figure of many facets, a figure that has evolved and transformed over the centuries, manifesting in several forms. I have attempted to peel back the layers, and look at some of her aspects.
As Lady Sovereignty, she is concerned with the balance of the energies of the land, via the ruler, facilitating the sacred marriage. We follow her back across time, to the earliest track ways, the migratory tracks of the Reindeer and Elk. You may have heard this in talks I have been giving since 1995.
Elen moves across vast tracts of time, and land, cloaked and masked appropriately for each age. Identifying some of her masks and being able to peep behind them has been an exhilarating ride.
What follows below continues on from my initial publication 'Elen of the Shimmering Ways' (Spiral Press 1986 with illustrations by Chesca Potter) and from my contribution to 'The Aquarian Guide to Legendary London' (Aquarian Press 1989).
The Quest for Elen
Elen is elusive, ethereal, gossamer, yet in my research and experiences over the years, she has allowed me to follow her quicksilver thread and revealed herself in her various guises.
As the Green Lady, she peeps out between the trees in forests and woods. As a British Venus, Goddess of Gardens, she is the Flower Bride: at her Holy wells, mainly to be found in the North of the country, she is guardian of the underground streams that carry the sacred waters. These underground streams have themselves become a metaphor for the secret continuation of sacred wisdom. She is the Guardian of the ancient track ways, the Leys, the kundalini currents in nature, and as the Horned Goddess, she leads us to the first trackways, the migratory tracks of the reindeer and later, she leads us to the path of the red deer through the forests. From here she leads us to the lost Shamanism of the isles of Britain, and we can follow her across Scandinavia, Russia, Mongolia, Siberia, India and beyond.
She has pointed me to ancient London, and to the stars. She has appeared with the fairy folk and she has revealed mysteries of the abstract, magical concept which links sovereignty to the fertility of the land.
My introduction to her came in 1983. I had been working closely with Paul Devereux and the Ley Hunter Magazine, and he gave me a copy of a journal sent to them for review. It was simply titled 'Helen - Pagan or Christian'. To the contributors, Helena was synonymous with 'Elen', and the various 'Elens' 'Elaines' and Helenas who appear in mythology. They suggested that these figures have become confused and entwined, and include: Elen in the Mabinogion, Helen the Mother of Constantine, a grail barer, a bar maid, and an Essex girl who was daughter of Olde King Cole. My instincts told me that if we could unravel this confusion, instead of seeing a lot of separate characters tangled up together, we would find many faces of the same figure.
I felt a great excitement as I started to read 'Pendragon', Just a few pages long, and with no 'hard evidence' to grasp, I knew that something that was to be of deep significance to me was awakening, and from that moment I was set on a quest to find out more about her. I had no real idea of the vast stretches of time, landscape and myth that she traversed.
Elen and the King
I started my investigations with the evocative figure that appears in the Mabinogion, the medieval masterpiece of otherworldly tales based on mythical and quasi-historical characters. It is believed to be based on earlier, orally transmitted tales.
Elen' appears in the Mabinogion story 'The Dream of Mascen Wledig', whose character is based on the Roman Emperor Maximus.
Mascen is out hunting with thirty-two companions. They follow the 'River that Runs towards Rome'. Mascen gets tired in the heat of the sun at noon so a tent is prepared. Mascen sleeps and dreams a wonderful dream.
He dreams of undertaking an epic journey, where he travels across mighty rivers, mountains and valleys, all kinds of terrain, until he crosses a sea and eventually comes to a red-gold castle. In the castle he finds two auburn haired youths playing chess, and an old king whittling chess pieces.
On a red-gold throne sits a woman. She is the most beautiful woman Mascen has ever seen. She is Elen. Mascen awakes, and pines for the woman of his dream. He sends men out on a quest to find her, which they do, in Wales, the land of red gold. They tell her that the Emperor wants her, and Elen says that if the Emperor wants her that badly, he can come and get her himself.
On hearing this, he sets of, and after many adventures, Elen becomes his Bride. She becomes the Empress Helen, has roads built (magically) for the armies of Britain, and for the protection of Britain, (Elen Lwydogg -Elen of the Hosts). The roads are said to link castles across the land. As a Leyhunter this appealed to me - were these more than Roman roads, echoes of ancient pathways, Elen's roads, memories of the Old straight tracks?
You can walk along her roads still. Sarn Elen, a network, which goes form Caernarfon, probably the site of Elen's castle, into South Wales. It is known to be earlier than the Roman period, and walking along her highway can be a magical experience, as you enter a realm where magic, myth, and history meet.
Lady Sovereignty
Mascen's Dream is an Aisling, a visionary dream or experience where a figure representing Sovereignty appears, usually the form of a woman. (Lady Sovereignty). Elen plays that role here, as a daughter of a King. She is sitting on a golden throne. Her brothers are playing chess (Mascen 'takes the Queen') and the Old King is making chess pieces (indicating that the royal succession is in his hands?). The Chessboard represents the land of Britain. In chess, the king is vulnerable, and the Queen powerful. Elen, enthroned as Lady Sovereignty, has the power and authority to summon the king to her. But we are looking at more here than a tale of dynastic marriage between Britain and Rome, or the continuity of a royal line, or even a carefully crafted story for later rulers to claim ancestry from an emperor of Rome. An aisling of my own showed me me it concerned the awakening of the land, establishing a balance of the earth- energies through the meridians of the land, keeping the Wasteland at bay.
Elen is Mascen's shakti, an eastern term for a divine woman who arouses the kundalini in a magical way. In her western form, she is the Grail bearer, holding within her the sacred cup from which the royal line continues, along with the secret, sexual magic that activates the energies of the land, bringing fertility and plenty. .
But Lady sovereignty (like Diana of classical myth in her Grove at Nemi) has to be won. The man who is to be King, who must mediate and radiate the sexual energies throughout the land, must be strong and true. Mascen has won the Queen, who represents the goddess of the land, by staying true to his dream woman and endeavouring to undertake his arduous journey at her command. To order the Emperor of Rome to do your bidding shows here the power that Elen holds. She bestows his sovereignty.
The dream of Masked, however, contains several interesting motifs. It also contains a description of 'shamanic flight'. We are all familiar with tales of shaman's and witches flying through the air in a trance state. Researchers of South American shamanism have made familiar the idea that certain landmarks on the ground are recognisable to the shaman in his out of body flight, and that some placed there specifically to be seen as signposts beneath him. But I recalled a booklet by a remarkable man called Tony Wedd, called Sky Ways and Landmarks, (1961). Wedd proposes that certain alignments in England, marked with stones, flash ponds and tree-topped mounds, were to be seen form above. His interpretation of this phenomenon was very much of the time they were written, but his intuition and observations - that what we now called 'Leys' were possibly to be observed from above, seemed relevant here.
Mascen's dream also reminded me of what archaeologists were calling 'terrain oblivious lines' - ancient tracks would often go straight across difficult landscapes and cross rivers, rather than taking a more convenient, route. They make sense if they are to be seen from above. In Mascen's story, the alignments lead to Elen. I felt she was reeling us in.
The Reindeer Goddess
the 1980s, before google and ABE Books, every piece of information on the Elen quest had to be slowly mined. It took years to piece things together, an irony as a lot of the information that is easily available now about Elen comes form my connections. But I was helped along the way with the Quester's angel, synchronicity.
Chesca Potter, our colleague John Merron and myself visualised her as the Green Lady, a British representative of Green Isis and of Venus. We saw her as female equivalent of the Green Man, the foliate face found in old churches, who was resurrected in the 20th century as a symbol of the spirit of, nature and the fecundity of the land. We saw her as a consort to the equally elusive Herne the Hunter, although as a Goddess who could also stand alone, and as mentioned above, as an activator and mediator of Kundalini energies of the earth.
Doe a Deer, a Female Deer…
Earth Mysteries writer John Michell directed us to the work of the antiquarian writer Harold Bayley, whose inspired yet frustratingly unreferenced books spoke of Elen. Bayley spoke of Elen guardian spirit or lost goddess of London, claiming that London was named for her. He also speaks of Elen as an ancient British Deity associated with those beasts of the huntress-Goddess, the greyhound and the deer. I'd had a dream in which Elen appeared as a shy female dappled fallow deer. I caught a glimpse of this deer through the trees, as a shaft of sunlight filtered through the trees and spotlighted her. And then she was gone. I felt she was teasing me, saying 'catch me' and wanting me to follow, but I knew her traces would be faint.
My friend Chesca, however, kept seeing impressions of Elen as an antlered woman, a vision that would not go away. As a brilliant visionary artist she was able to capture this persistent image. I had no doubt this vision would 'check out'. A friend directed us to a small antlered female figurine in the British Museum, and I found that Elain was Welsh for 'Fawn', and that Jelen was Czech for deer, but the vision was of Elen as female antlered figure, and female deer didn't have antlers.
In 1990, by quite a magical synchronicity, I realised why my friend was seeing a female deer with antlers. The only kind of female deer to have antlers are Reindeer. As I learnt this, things started to tumble into place in my mind at great speed. I could now fix Mascen's dream of Elen more firmly as 'Shamanic' flight, and with the Reindeer as the key, Elen of the Leys led to Shamans further afield. And a colleague form Bulgaria told us shortly after this, that Elen was Bulgarian for Reindeer (I can find no proof of this!). But it seemed significant that not only does the female reindeer have antlers, but she is stronger than the male and does not shed her antlers in winter. It is an older female reindeer that leads the herds.
The Secret Sovereignty
There were taboos with harsh punishments for stealing Deer. Like swans, they belonged to the sovereign. Deer hunting was a royal prerogative.
The shadowy figure of Robin Hood, champion of the poor, lives as an outlaw outside of society, and therefore its rules. He exists in the liminal space on the boundaries of society. His domain is the forest. He appears on the highway to rob form the oppressor, fleetingly appearing and disappearing like a fawn along the secret forest tracks. He poaches the king's deer - (and prove himself worthy of taking the 'queen' - a nobleman's daughter). Robin and Maid Marion have their own court, - a 'secret sovereignty' in the greenwood, and a continuation of the old ways after invasion perhaps. Robin led us to what may be a folk memory of the reindeer spirit in England.
Following Elen's path, I attended the Abbots Bromley Horn Dance. This annual event is held in September, but was originally held at the time of the winter solstice. The team of 12 dancers includes Maid Marion (danced by a man) a Robin Hood figure with his bow and arrow, a hobbyhorse and a fool, as well as their musicians. It is said to commemorate the granting of hunting rights in the area to the common people, hence Robin the Poacher and his lover Maid Marion are now the hunters, not the poachers.
The Dance starts at 8am, when the horns and dancers are blessed by the vicar, and lasts all day, with the dancers carrying six sets of antlers - three black and three red. With its weaving step it is haunting, atavistic, and engaging, and quite an endurance test, given the length of the dance and the heavy weight of the antlers. Mounted on wooden deer heads, they can weigh up to 25lbs. These antlers, kept in the Church of Saint Nicholas. (More on St Nicholas later.)
With a nice touch of geomantic magic, they must never cross the parish boundary. When the dancers are invited elsewhere, a set of Red Deer antlers is taken. The dance may be to celebrate the granting of hunting rights, but it has the resonance of a more ancient resonance of a time when access to the herds had to be strictly controlled for survival. The antlers date to a suspiciously accurate 1065! They are believed to have been imported form Scandinavia to replace an older native set, reindeer having long ago moved north. There were Reindeer migratory routes all across England, and marked by many stones and places names. At Abbots Bromley, I feel, we can just touch the ghost of their passage.
It's Christmas…
The research of various Earth Mysteries explorers over the years shows that leys had several functions and interpretations, all of them probably valid. But it was the idea of Leys as shamanic flight paths that was relevant to Elen in her guises of both Empress and the Reindeer-woman.
I had heard the legend that the Father Christmas story is based on the shamans of the Sámi people. These people (and other reindeer societies) had a symbiotic relationship with the Reindeer. They would follow the herds along their migratory tracks. Their food, clothes, homes, tools, even needles and thread came form the reindeer.
It is now well known that the Father Christmas story is based on the older, non-Christian Shamans of Lapland. The story goes that to aid their shamanic flights and trance, the shamans needed the properties of the Fly agaric mushroom. This is of course, the fabulous red and white toadstool of fairy stories, the one our mothers warned us never to eat. Taking the mushroom can be risky, or at least unpleasant, because of toxins it contains. The Shamans noted that the reindeer ate the mushrooms, which grew around the silver birch trees, and suffered no ill effects.
The shaman lets the substance pass through the reindeer, neutralizing the toxins, and then drinks its urine. The active ingredients are unaffected, and the shaman enters his trance and begins his flight.
Above the snow he can see the herds, see the predators, and gains helpful knowledge for the tribe. He gains wisdom of the plants and healing, as the fly agaric opens the gateways for him to be able to commune with the spirits of the land, the beasts, and the ancestors. He carries back the gifts of healing, and also news of the herds.
When finishing his trance session, the shaman would enter the yurt through the smoke hole, and slide down the central silver birch pole with his bag of healing plants and his paraphernalia - Father Christmas coming down the chimney.
The shaman's colours are red and white, like the Fly agaric and Father Christmas's costume as he rides through the sky in his sleigh drawn by reindeer. Through various vision quests, I was shown that the migratory paths of the reindeer were the first track ways, walked for millennia by the beasts alone, and then followed by humans. I saw how, in the Palaeolithic times, before domestic herding, the shaman's knowledge would show where the deer could be ambushed and corralled, often at the places where they forded the river. I believe that some of the places are still extant today, in places names and mark stones, which would be identified with a sign of the deer. such as a carving of the deer itself, or a 'cup and ring' type motif. Remains of such markers exist still, in place names and extant stones - such as The |High Road of the Deer, in Wales, and The Deer Stones in Mongolia.
I mention the Samis as Elen led me to The Reindeer Tracks, and the Reindeer people. They have been on their lands in Sweden, Norway, Finland and Russia since prehistory, living symbiotically with the Reindeer. Their persecution of their culture, language, animist spirituality and their shamans by the church was shockingly cruel as Christian persecution always is, the more so as the racial and cultural persecution went on until the 1970s, with repercussions still being felt to this day. For the reindeer people in Russia and Mongolia, there came the persecution and cultural destruction from Communism, threatened further, after a few years in the light, by the coming of the capitalists looking for oil and other resources. This tragedy can be read about elsewhere.
I found no Goddess called Elen; their female reindeer spirit appears as the daughter of the Sun Goddess, to whom a white female reindeer is sacrificed at the winter solstice. But Elen was leading me further on.
The Bone and Antlered Track
Thinking of Mascen's dream journey, and my idea that this may connect to shamanic flight, I decided to try an experiment. Not having fly agaric to hand, I induced a method of astral projection and invoked Elen. I visualised myself walking through snow, in a bleak landscape. Soon I was 'astral travelling' now above the land and completely in the moment and no longer needing to consciously invoke the images. Looking down I saw a pathway littered with bones and antler. It had the appearance of a simple rail track, laid out on the snow, and I realised that this represented the migratory route of the deer. I was following this track that had seen millions of beasts over millennia. I knew it went back aeons, before the Ice age, a memory that was in our genes and in the land itself. The bones and antlers represented the ancestors of the beasts who still, where they could, walked these paths today. I was 'told' that these were the 'oldest pathways in the world'. I felt a huge rush of energy, and the path suddenly rose up, looped out and back on itself, and the bones and antlers formed into a skeleton of a giant elk, rearing up in front of me. It twisted around and started to move forward. This was so dramatic that I snapped back form my astral journey, much to my frustration - if I had stayed with it, I am sure it would led me to discover more. I have never been able retrace that track!
The Elk (Elan) intrigued me, adding another piece of the Elen jigsaw. These creatures, as large as the one in my vision, existed in Britain and Ireland and stood up to 12' at the shoulder and the huge heavy antlers can span 10'. They roamed the land from at least 400000 years ago, up to the end of the Ice Age. Whole skeletons have been found, in Ireland, Isle of Man and Scotland. Elen, who had appeared to me first as a fallow deer in the wood, then showed me the reindeer paths, had now revealed the ancient tracks of the extinct giant Elk.
I concluded that she is a Goddess whose beasts include all the deer, and who guards and guides along their track ways, and that from these early track ways she becomes the goddess of the leys, concerned with the rulership of the land, the measurement and mapping of the land and geomancy. She is, via the beasts and the old pathways, concerned with the balance of the energies of the land, with the fertility and cycles of nature.
To read part two of Caroline Wise's article on Elen of the Ways - Britain forgotten goddess, which links to the constellation of Cygnus. Click here to read
The illustration 'The Ancestor' copyright Chesca Potter. It is form the Greenwood Tarot, a stunning Tarot deck based on the wheel of the year.
Elen of the Ways - Part Two
By Caroline Wise
In Part One I mentioned how my Quest for Elen began in 1983, and how difficult it was in those pre-Google, pre-Amazon and Pre-ABEBooks days to have quick access to information. Most of what I was able to piece together came from following my intuition. The mark points for me along Elen's ways were dreams and synchronicities.
Please note that in part one and two I have condensed a whole manuscript down to 6000 words.
Elen of the Leys
In the periodical Pendragon, (mentioned above) the editor notes that "St Helen, whether Elen or Helena, could be said to be the patron Saint of Ley-hunters."
It occurred to me that Elen might have been sleeping in my subconscious for some years, the Pendragon article in 1983 awakening her. In my bookcase was a copy of Paul Screeton's 1974 book Quicksilver Heritage - The Mystic Leys: Their Legacy of Ancient Wisdom. It was the only work I could find, other than that of Harold Bayley, which mentioned Elen in the guise of guardian of the old tracks.
Leys were 'discovered' and named by the brewer, antiquarian and photographer Alfred Watkins in the 1920s. His 'flood of ancestral memory' - he saw the prehistoric sites laid out in straight lines across the country - led him to believe that he was seeing the traces of Neolithic trading routes. He formed The Straight Track Club, members of which would go out and about in the country searching for alignments and visiting ancient sites. The Ley phenomena reached a wider audience in 1969 with the publication of The View Over Atlantis by John Michell. This highly original work caught the spirit of the age perfectly, and became the foundation stone for the Earth Mysteries movement. It fanned a renaissance of interest in folklore, sacred geometry, ancient sites and their relationship to the landscape, and to a broader cosmology.
In Quicksilver Heritage, Paul Screeton, then editor of The Ley Hunter, lists holy wells as ley markers, saying, "Many wells are dedicated to St Helen, a confusion with Elen, the Celtic Goddess of roads and armies." He also says "Elen, reputedly the daughter of King Cole, is Albion's equivalent of Thoth, Hermes and Mercury. She, according to the Mabinogion, built a system of roads from one castle to another throughout the Isle of Britain. This suggests the construction of track ways following the placing of stones, mounds, 'one tree hills' etc. to mark leys. Elen, or the Christianised St Helen, has given rise to such names on leys as Heel, Heol, and Ellie stones, Elen's roads and Elen's Causeway."
So here we have the matron saint of Ley-hunters. Elen's connections with the old track ways, combined with my linking her with reindeer, via Chesca Potter's vision of an antlered goddess, led me the idea that her earliest tracks were those of the migratory paths of the Reindeer. Intimate knowledge of these paths was essential for the survival of those who depended on them, both before and after domestication of the herds - and these tracks could be found over a vast area of the globe. Interestingly, the Irish Gaelic word describing the paths where deer were driven is Eileurig.
As mentioned earlier, Elen led me suspect the 'Leys' also functioned as shamanic flight-paths, travelled with the aid of the Fly Agaric (amanita muscaria), obtained in a non-toxic form via the urine of the reindeer. But she was leading me now in another direction, this time to the Holy Land, yet across somewhat familiar territory.
The Green and Living Cross
"It is not a theory, but an observation built up that Scotch firs are almost certain signs of either of the line of an ancient track, or more particularly its sighting points.' Alfred Watkins, Early British Track Ways, 1922
The legends of the Christian saints often conceal an older identity, a pre-Christian god, goddess, or spirit of place. The Christian St Helena's cloak envelopes the figure of Elen. Myth and history meet in St Helena, wife of the Emperor Constantias Chlorus, and Mother of Constantine the Great. As we have seen earlier, in her legends, she is Elen, the daughter of King Cole (or Coel), a tribal chief of Colchester. Like her counterpart Elen of Carnavon, (who also has a son named Constantine), on the other side of the country, this Elen is also the daughter of a king, brought up to be a queen in Britain and an empress of Rome.
In Helena's legend, she sets off on a quest to the Holy Land to search for Christian relics at Calvary. This is at the request of her son, Constantine, whose famous conversion is inspired by seeing a cross in the sky.
Starting her archaeological expedition in 326 AD, Essex girl Elen, now Empress Helena, discovers, beneath a Temple of Venus, the Holy Sepulchre, the tomb where Christ, in legend, has risen. She also finds the cross of the crucifixion. This is said to be a green, living tree, and it proves itself as the true cross by bringing a dying woman back to life. Helena's further discoveries include the bones of the Magi, the Zoroastrian astrologer-priests who are the Three Wise Men of biblical myth. The idea of the cross as a green living tree almost certainly echoes earlier, pre-Christian cults. The motif of a man hanging from a tree to gain wisdom can be found in the legend of Orpheus, and the image of the tree of life is universal. From a shamanic perspective, the tree is a symbol of the world tree, a cosmic pillar linking us to the 'underworld' and altered states of consciousness where knowledge is gained. In The Aquarian Guide to Legendary London, I mention the cult of Helen Dendritis, Helen of the Trees. This was not a mystery cult, being more for the uninitiated, the common people, who would hang dolls, representing Helen, on trees. Said to remember Helen of Troy fleeing there, only subsequently to be hanged in the same place, there are echoes here of Elen the Green Lady of nature.
Elen of Colchester is remembered on the Colchester Borough arms, which show an equal armed wooden cross, sprouting leaves, and bearing the three crowns of the Magi. Intriguingly, there is a "Shelia-na-gig figure (a carved figure female figure exposing her genitals) with the inscription 'Elui'. This came form Saint Mary's church, Easthrope and adds an interesting coincidence to the Elen quest.
So, the Empress becomes a saint, and The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is built on the site of the Venus temple in 333 AD. The round church, in what is now the Old City of Jerusalem, is said to enclose the cave tomb of the resurrection. Helena becomes an ambassador for Christianity, and whole forests are felled to supply the market in relics of the True Cross. (There is one in Holy Cross church, Isle of Wight, an island that has connections with both our Welsh and East Anglian Elens.) The Trip to Jerusalem, the pilgrimage to these sites in the holy land that Christians are encouraged to make, becomes popular soon after these discoveries.
The sacking of the church by the Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr led to the first crusade, launched to recover this sacred site for Christendom. Due to the number of pilgrims flocking to the holy land, the Knights Templars and the Knights Hospitalers are formed. There mission is to protect pilgrims on the arduous journey, the former doing more archaeology of their own than protecting pilgrims. The round churches of the Knights Templar were based on the rotunda of the church of the Holy sepulchre. (I'll discuss the significance of these orders to Elen later.)
But how does Elen in the guise of St Helena, Empress of Rome, the maton saint of leys and patron saint of archaeology, connect to the shamanism to which she led me earlier? Well, in leading us to the True Cross, Elen leads once more to amanita muscaria…
Tears of Helen
"The fungi are all derived from the gum that exudes from trees" Pliny
In 1970, I was deeply shocked when my father told me that the Christian story was just a myth, that Jesus had never really existed. He told me that it was all based on older Middle Eastern myths and ancient fertility cults. I admit the shock only lasted about ten minutes, and it was mostly because my father was a scholar of church music. He told me about a book he had, which I did read it soon after, and it was way over my head. The book, however, was hugely discredited at the time. It is now recognised that the criticism was biased, unfair and uninformed, and its ideas are enjoying a renaissance as more is learned about the part played by plants and mycology in shamanistic spirituality and practice. The book is The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross by John Allegro.
I returned to this book nearly twenty years later, when Elen led me to Fly Agaric and shamanic flight. Allegro, with a first-class degree in Semetic studies, carried out further research at Oxford on dialects of biblical Hebrew. He was one of the two British representatives to work on the deciphering of The Dead Sea
Scrolls. His research led to him seeing the NewTestament in a radically new light. To put it simply, this scholarly and elegantly argued book proposes that the amanita muscaria, the Fly Agaric, the sacred mushroom, lies behind the Christian myths. The true cross is a phallic symbol of the ecstatic, fertility and resurrection based pre-Christian spiritual practice. Elen was leading again to the red and white toadstool of shamanic flight as a sacrament for communion with the gods and ancestors. Allegro briefly mentions the religious use of amanita muscaria in Siberia, but his attention is focused on the plant/medical knowledge from ancient Sumer.
I mentioned earlier how the Fly Agaric is found mainly at the base of the silver birch and pine trees. It can be found beneath conifers, mostly evergreens, such as cedar, and the spruce and firs used for Christmas trees. I had felt that the Reindeer Shaman spirituality was holistic within its environment, a complete cosmology including the people, the herds, the landscape, the stars, and the other dimensions accessed through the amanita. Therefore the trees that the mushrooms grew around were an important part of the whole.
In Southern Europe and the near east, the amanita grows around the base of pine trees. The trees and the mushroom have a symbiotic relationship, both feeding each other nutrients. The properties of the amanita are affected by the chemical make-up of the host. It is my belief, based on some observation, that the type of tree affects the type of shamanic experience.
Allegro looks at the relationship of the pine to the amanita. Elate is the Greek work for pine,and its resin, the tears of Helen.
He mentions the Greek Goddess of childbirth, Eileithyia, who holds a pine torch: Helene is a Greek word for torch and this is the "source and meaning of the name for the Greek heroine and Goddess, Helen." In Greek myth, Helen is the daughter of Nemesis (or Leda), who is impregnated by Zeus who has taken the form of a Swan. She, like her siblings Castor and Pollux, is born from a swan's egg. To Allegro, "Nemesis, whose name has come down to us as the personification of divine retribution, is identical in meaning with the Sumerian original of Nectar, the fate-decider…" In one of her legends, Helen spikes the drink with a 'feel-good' drug, and Allegro sees that "a further link between Helen and Nectar appears in the drink Nectarion, wine spiced with a wonderful drug called Helenion, named after good queen Helen." He goes on to say of the pine, "besides giving the fire of the processional torch (Greek Helene) and the intoxicant and beautifier Helenion…this resin was thought to be the source of the sacred mushroon." (The mushroom springing up where the drops of resin, the tears of Helen, fall.)
Star-crossed
"It is the gum of the pine tree that the Arcadian incantation is directed: O Kukru, Kukru, Kukru…."
Allegro says that the name by which the pine resin is addressed, Kukru, is a link to the swan motif of Helen's birth, as both names go back to the Sumerian word 'pod', (pine-pod) the swan, because like other fertility birds, its name was connected with 'womb-pod'. He is looking here at the fertility aspects of Helen, but her swan associations go far beyond this.
The constellation of Cygnus is so named because the stars are seen as depicting a celestial swan. In his book The Cygnus Mystery, Andrew Collins has shown us that these stars were almost universally recognised and revered in shamanic peoples going back to the Palaeolithic era.
With the coming of Christianity, the Cygnus constellation is known as the Northern Cross, as it is seen to resemble the cross at Calvary, and is even called 'Crux cum St Helena', with Elen/St Helene actually depicted in art as the constellation, holding her cross, which is studded with the main stars of Cygnus.
There are some other cygnus clues here. In Irish Gaelic, 'Ela' means swan, and in Cornish it is Elaio.
In medieval German legend it is Elsa, whose brother is a swan, who marries the Swan Knight , a knight of the Grail. The Swan and the deer are the main beasts that humans shape-shift into in myth and legend.
Elen of the ways, in true shamanic style, is a walker between the worlds - above, in astral flight, and into inner space via her plants and fungi. On the ground, we have her deer tracks and Leys, and above the path of the milky way traversed by Helena's constellation of the Swan. Whatever direction we follow her, she leads us to shamanic mysteries.
Extra
Elen and Oxleas - how we first heard of The Reindeer People.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s my friends and I were were involved in the (successful) campaign to save Oxleas wood, the last remaining part of the South London forest that had established itself at the end of the ice-age. These woods were close to our home, and were about to be demolished for the East London River Crossing. I even commissioned a picture of Elen, antlered, with a dress of leaves, standing in frontt of the woods as a magical talisman to stop the bulldozers.
Copyright Caroline Wise 2007
One of our group was happy to imbibe the carefully prepared Fly Agaric. In 1990, they went of to Oxleas with someone who knew the woods intimately, and who would sit with them during their 'trip.' Pine resin collected from the local trees was used as incense, so that the occasion was given a sacred setting. On return, they reported an experience of 'The Reindeer People', and their relationship to the deer. They bought back a lot of information that later checked out - and they also said they'd been told that Elen meant 'star-path'. It seemed natural to link her to Cygnus due to her swan and cross associations, and the recent discoveries about Cygnus from Andrew Collins now give a new dimension to Elen's shamanic credentials.
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